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What's all this about "CM/ECF"?
If you visit any bankruptcy court website, you will see prominent notices
about mandatory "CM/ECF" which stands for "Case Management/Electronic Case
Files." If you are representing yourself (filing without a lawyer),
don't worry about this -- it applies only to lawyers (although most sites
fail to mention that important fact).
If you're a lawyer, you must file your client's bankruptcy forms electronically
and receive training on how to do it. Electronic filing simply means
filing your forms as PDF (Acrobat) files via the internet or CD-ROM.
Creating PDF files does not require special software. Any software that
can print can also produce PDF files with the proper
software add-ons. There are some specialized attorneys' bankruptcy
software that will produce PDFs from data you enter.
Most downloadable official forms these days are PDFs with fillable fields and most computers can "print" a filled-in form to a PDF file. (See the Free Bankruptcy Forms page for more info)
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Dealing with "legalese"
Why don't (some) bankruptcy court websites speak plain English?
Courts should serve all taxpayers, not just lawyers. Filing requirements
should be clear and accessible to everyone. After all, everyone must
follow the law, so why not make the rules clear and in plain English?
Unfortunately, not all courts provide clear, simple instructions for filing bankruptcy
forms. It takes some effort to translate legalese into plain English,
and some courts just don't bother. In fact, many courts call information
for non-lawyers "pro se" (a Latin term) information. They
just don't get it.
Fortunately, more and more courts are starting to "get it" and are providing information to help non-attorneys get find relevant information and lay out clear timelines of essential procedures and explain requirements in a clear, easy to follow manner.
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Courts that "get it"
In our first review of 90 bankruptcy court websites nationwide in 2007, LegalConsumer.com
found only a handful that provided clear, well-organized filing
information for those who don't speak legalese. A few courts showed what
could be done if all courts would bother to take the time to help the
general public, and so we created a "Hall of Fame" of good government, to show what could be done by a court with taxpayer's money and a little extra effort, organizaion, and plain English. All bankruptcy courts should follow their example.
In more recent reviews, we've discovered a promising trend: many court websites showed significant improvement from 2007 to 2009.
If your court's website isn't helpful, check out one of these sites....
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Bankruptcy courts that do a good job of explaining procedures to non-lawyers
Here are the best of the best. Court websites can and do change -- hopefully for the better, but not always.
Note: Links go directly to the court's info for non-lawyers, rather than the court home page.
Note: As you will see if you look at several of these, most of the information you find is
general and applies regardless of which court you're filing
in.
However, some procedures are "local" and deadlines and forms can vary from court to court.
Always confirm that you are complying with your own court's local rules and procedures.
One of the best courts in the nation in providing information to non-lawyers. A model that other courts would do well to follow. Some of the information could be better organized, but it is far better than what most courts offer. The court even offers community outreach programs to explain the bankruptcy process to the general public. Reviewed 5/2/2009. Updated March 2012.
main website info for non-lawyers
The "Debtor Home Page" link on the home page leads to a menu of filing information for non-lawyers. Forms are fillable. All in all, this court does a good job of providing information to non-lawyers. Reviewed 1/13/08. Revised March 3, 2012.
main website info for non-lawyers
Brand new site overhaul has transformed this court's website from one of the worst to one of the best. Essential information is clearly labeled and easy to find from the home page. The "Filing without an attorney" link is the place to start if you're going it alone. What an improvement! Reviewed March 3, 2008. Updated March 3, 2012.
main website info for non-lawyers
Much improved since last review. Now offers a guide to persons filing without an attorney, featured prominently on the front page. Although it features many shrill warnings, it does an admirable job of spelling out the deadlines and procedural requirements for a successful filing. Reviewed May, 2009. Updated March 2012.
main website info for non-lawyers
Straightforward navigation. Clear links, Filing Without at Attorney home page is a good one-stop resource for filing information. One of the best in the nation. (May 2009) Still excellent. March 2012.)
main website info for non-lawyers
One of the best courts in the nation for helping people filing without an attorney. A huge improvement since our last review. Reviewed 6/14/2008.
Still good. March 2012.
main website info for non-lawyers
Lots of warnings about filing without a lawyer, but also lots of good, helpful information about how to avoid screwing up. Reviewed May 2009. Updated March 2012
main website info for non-lawyers
Features a new section for "non attorney filers" that collects all relevant information into a single menu. The filing requirements section offers a helpful list of checklists. Even includes instructions for each of the official forms, which the federal courts main site no longer provides. Be sure to check out "top ten filing mistakes". (May 2009) Still great. March 2012.
main website info for non-lawyers
Despite lots of warnings saying they can't help non-attorneys, they do, in fact provide a reasonably helpful menu of links to self-filers, and even say so in English. They do offer a fillable means test form. Reviewed May 2009. Still very good. March 2012.
main website info for non-lawyers
This court went from a grade of F to a grade of A- in this most recent review (May 09). Many improvements have been made, to the point where this court does a good job presenting needed information efficiently and clearly. The info is not all that in depth, but the links are well organized. A model for other bankruptcy courts around the nation. You can easily find what they have to offer. Click the "Debtor Help" tab on the main menu to get started. May 2009. Update. Still very good. March 2012.
main website info for non-lawyers
They get credit for having a page geared to non-attorneys and making the link to the info fairly prominent. The home page is messed up as of this review. Click the link called "General Information" to get a better starting point. (May 2009.)
Update: Home page now has prominent "Debtors & Self Assistance" area that makes it easy to find the information you need. Nice improvements move its grade from a B to a A and a spot in the hall of fame. March 2012.
main website info for non-lawyers
Offers a dedicated menu to help non-attorneys. Filing requirements are spelled out clearly. (May 2009) Update. Home page does a good job of steering consumers in the right direction to the information they need. Worthy of a "hall of fame" designation for overall quality. March 2012.
main website info for non-lawyers
Good revisions to this court recently include a guide specifically designed for debtors filing without an attorney. May 2009. Update: New Jersey has embarked on a cutting edge experiment in pro se filing. They now allow debtors to file electronically, without an attorney. Great idea. Will be interesting to see if this idea spreads. Could be a model for other courts. One caveat. Their link to the federal exemption statutes fails to mention that the statutory amounts are indexed for inflation and are now higher than what appears in the statute. Nevertheless, this court gets and A+ for effort and innovation in attempting to serve consumers. March 2012.
main website info for non-lawyers
One of the most debtor-friendly sites in the US bankruptcy court system. Home page links in plain English direct non-attorneys to important and helpful information. May 2009.
Still excellent. March 2012
main website info for non-lawyers
This court now offers procedural guidance to non-attorneys. Also offers live chat to guide you to helpful resources. One of the only courts to offer that. Their pro se page offers links to helpful manuals from the local legal aid society. You can tell that a lot of thought and effort has gone into helping self-represented debtors. Well done. Reviewed March 2012
main website info for non-lawyers
Information for non-attorneys is easy to find, and quite exetensive. Some branches of the court even have a "Pro Se Law Clerk" specifically assigned to help people who are filing without an attorney. May 2009. Update. Court does an excellent job of organizing info and making it easy to find. Much better than most bankruptcy courts in the county. March 2012
main website info for non-lawyers
One of the first courts to offer information to non-lawyers. The "Pro Se Debtor Info" links from the home page go directly to a menu that links to information for non-attorneys on how to file, including forms and instructions about procedure. Forms page is clear and helpful. (May 2009) Update> Still good, but home page link is in Latin. Reviewed, March 3, 2012.
main website info for non-lawyers
Not much here, at first glance. Go to the Site Map to find anything. Decent page for filing without an attorney, once you find it. (May 2009)
Update: Navigation has gotten better as there is now a direct link from home page for folks filling without an attorney. Information is well organized and clear. March 2012.
main website info for non-lawyers
New interface is a bit too clever by half. Important info is buried in the menu called "Court" Click the "No Attorney" link. Once you get past that, it's pretty good. Pop up menus work very slowly and may not work on all browsers. On some browsers you may not even see the menus at all! Has a dedicated pro se counter. (May 2009) Update: Court should make website work with all browsers. Important information is missed if the home page menus don't work right. But downloadble PDF guides are good, but were written in 2007. March 2012.
main website info for non-lawyers
Vastly improved organziation since last review when this court got a faling grade for organization. Now it's a model. Perhaps they were listening. Once you find the information, it's actually quite good. Many of the FAQs are quite good. (May 2009)
Update. Still very good. March 2012
main website info for non-lawyers
Redone website features a link called "SELF HELP / Pro Se" on the menu of the home page. Makes too much use of pop up menus, can be difficult to navigate, but the info is there. (May 2009) Update. Still true. Menus are a bit unwieldy but the info is good once you get there. March 2012
main website info for non-lawyers
Now features a special menu just for those filing without an attorney. Offers clearly organized guidance as to what to do when. (May 2009) Update. Still excellent. Could be a model for other courts. March 2012.
main website info for non-lawyers
Offers non-attorneys a handy complete downloadable packet of all required forms, all in fillable PDF format, but little in the way of instructions. In the "Filing Resources" section of the site, they have a special page for non-attorneys, with links to relevant info. Also has an innovative online help desk as an alterative way of getting information. (May 2009) Update. Still a good site. Hasn't changed much in three years. March 2012.
main website info for non-lawyers
The website is quite well organized and important information is easily accessible, and now features a "Filing Without an Attorney?" page which is quite useful. Well done. One of the best in the nation in terms of offering checklists, etc. (May 2009) A few links and link names updated in since last review. Earlier review still stands. March 2012.
main website info for non-lawyers
Really wacky web design and use of color. The home page link to "Unrepresented Debtor Information" takes you to a page that links to relevant pages of the website. The Forms button has a pop up link to a special list of forms just for those who are fililing without an attorney. Nice. (May 2009)(Still true, March 2012.)
main website info for non-lawyers
Nice clean site design. Much improved since last review. Information for debtors without an attorney are easily found on the home page. Well done. (May 2009) Still true as of March 2012.
main website info for non-lawyers
Still sets the standard for user-freindly bankruptcy court websites. The source of some first class, well written, crystal clear information for non-lawyers filing for bankruptcy. A model for the rest of the courts in the nation to follow. Provides links to fillable PDF forms. Well done in every respect. Taxpayers are getting their money's worth in from the Western District of Wisconsin Bankruptcy Court. It got an A+ when it was reviewed a year ago, and still gets that rating this time around. Reviewed 1/16/2008. Still true. (March 2012.)
main website info for non-lawyers
Vastly improved since last review, when we gave the court website an "F for failing to provide much help to non-lawyers. That has changed, thanks to a new link on the home page, featured in both Latin ("Pro Se") and English ("Self Help Filing Information"). This link takes you to a dedicated page of information for self-help filers, which boils down the basics of what you need to file, with links to related resources and forms. (Be sure to download the PDF file of local rules, and especially in the Appendix to the local rules, for important information and forms.)
Most of the court's site still primarily caters to attorneys and bankruptcy pros, but now, at least, the new 'pro se' page offers a place for ordinary people to find the information they need. Reviewed 1/29/2008. Still true. (March 2012.)
main website info for non-lawyers
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